Snakeheads can be relatively easy to spawn, provided the right conditions are set up for them. The dwarf snakehead or channa gachua is a tropical freshwater fish in the family of Channidae. If you need to replace part of a breeding pair, there are adult fish for sale. Snakeheads can be weaned off live foods and have been known to readily take chunks of fish, mussels, shrimps for human consumption, and commercial pelleted foods of the meaty kind such as sinking pellets or even commercial fish pellets such as trout chow. They offer a clean and disease-free herd. Channa Andrao. This pattern quickly disappears with age and many species assume a browner, more drab look. HungJou Chen, Channa limbata, Ophicephalus apus, Ophicephalus gachua, Ophicephalus limbatus, Ophicephalus marginatus, Ophiocephalus aurantiacus, Ophiocephalus guachua malaccensis, Afghanistan, Andaman Islands, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Bhimtal Lake, Chao Phraya River, Indus River, Kabul River, Lake Chilika, Lake Toba, Mekong, Naukuchiatal Lake, Salween, Your email address will not be published. Any help would be appreciated. 5 species (Channa argus. Description. Also, you can keep different types of dwarf snakeheads together in one aquarium but they should be separated by gender. Experiments have also shown that it can tolerate a large pH range, so water conditions are not too important as long as extremes are avoided. In an aquarium setting, you should feed your dwarf snakeheads a diet of meaty foods such as brine shrimp or bloodworms. You are using an out of date browser. The farm raises Nigerian Dwarf goats, llamas, and chickens. These fish are carnivores, but they can also be taught to eat live and frozen foods. The dwarf snakehead or channa gachua is a tropical freshwater fish in the family of Channidae. Scientific Name A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. In the winter season, the subtropical variations do require a drop in temperature to 18-20 degrees Celsius. a rainbow snakehead grows huge but if you want one they are for sale at bolton (bas)an most world of water they are all over the place in manchester at the moment price range 12-24 OP ghostknife Fish Fanatic Joined Oct 9, 2003 Messages 163 Reaction score 0 Location Hertfordshire-England Feb 17, 2005 #3 A dwarf variety of snakeheads, Channa Andrao will only grow to length of around 10-12cm. GB 638 3492 15, Copyright 2023 Warners Group Publications Plc. Phython Snakehead $ 3.52. Most of the species will quickly empty a general community tank with smaller fish. A 55-gallon tank is sufficient for a single channa gachua; larger tanks are required if more than one snakehead is housed together. Fish Tank is unlike any other aquatic shop. How did snakehead fish get into the United States? Ample hiding spaces in the form of driftwood and submerged vegetation should therefore be provided. Here are some of the more common ones. Snakeheads are fairly undemanding as regards tank dcor. Dwarf snakeheads only grow to be about 4 to 6 inches long. Share idead and photo's of your tanks, fish, plants, shrimp, lobsters and more! It is likely that the current classification will be. You may want to avoid keeping them with large or expensive species. His knowledge and experience have developed into a trusted business that imports the highest quality freshwater fish from all over the world. As snakehead fish can get so large i will be classing a dwarf snakehead as anything under 30cm or 12 inches long. Some of these entries are for information purposes and a few others list fish for sale. The Lacey Act prohibits the importation, transportation, and acquisition of wildlife species deemed to be "injurious" by the U.S. 'lal cheng' and Channa sp. L253), L014 Goldie Pleco (Scobinancistrus aureatus), Spadetail Checkerboard Cichlid (Dicrossus maculatus). Online saltwater fish for sale, the best clownfish, tangs, angels for sale. Snakeheads are in fact obligatory air breathers and must have air from the surface otherwise they will drown. Specimens from a subtropical area can tolerate extremes from 14 to 36 degrees Celsius, and extreme pH levels of pH 3.1 to 9.6. Regular price 55.00 Sale price Although it superficially resembles the Splendid in shape and colour, the African can be distinguished by its long and prominent tubular nostrils. At a minimum, you should provide each dwarf snakehead with 8 gallons (30 L) of water per inch (2.5 cm) of body length; that means adult dwarf snakeheads need at least 32 gallons (121 L) per individual. Specimens from a tropical area demand a constant tropical water temperature. Rainbow Snakehead $ 12.16. I am looking for the dwarf or Rainbow snakehead, a rainbow snakehead grows huge but if you want one they are for sale at bolton(bas)an most world of water they are all over the place in manchester at the moment price range 12-24. Most dwarf snakehead fish kinds will become good tank mates for other large sized fish species. The Chevron is one of the most robust freshwater fishes and consequently, water parameters are not important, although the usual caveat of avoiding extremes still applies. Expand signature. As such, they are tolerant of a wide range of water conditions, including both fresh and saltwater. Thus a dedicated aquarium is required for keeping snakeheads. Channa Fish For Sale : Snakehead Fish Channa Barca Is The Most Expensive And The Most Beautiful In The World. Theres a common misconception that air-breathing fish live in stagnant, relatively foul water in the wild and that clean water conditions are therefore not necessary in the aquarium. Choosing a selection results in a full page refresh. Many species can tolerate a wide range of pH, and one species living in Malaysia and parts of Indonesia prefers highly acid waters (pH 2.8-3.8). Some of the coulourful dwarf snakeheads on this list are the channa stewartii, channa pulchra, channa ornatipinnis, channa andrao, channa gachua, channa bleheri, channa pardalis, and channa asiatica.Let me know your favourite snakehead in the comments below?Thanks for watching I hope you enjoyed :) Snakeheads are a family of Asian and African freshwater fish that are closely related to gouramis and Bettas, but physically look more like short, stocky eels. Be sure to remove hiding spots once spawning is complete, though!if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'fishkeepingfolks_com-leader-4','ezslot_13',642,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-fishkeepingfolks_com-leader-4-0'); As mentioned before, adding some floating plants will prevent fry from getting eaten by older members of your group as well. "Fish keeping isn't a hobby! In this period less food is required. 0796XXXXXX Specifically, importation and interstate transport of live snakeheads is prohibited. FISH SHOP. Channa Aurantimaculata. Doing daily water changes. Snakehead Gudgeon (Giuris margaritacea) $ 59.99 - $ 129.99 A large, spectacularly colored goby found throughout much of the tropical Indo-Pacific, the Snakehead Gudgeon or Ornate Sleeper Goby is an adaptable species found in brackish to pure freshwater habitats. Images:Tea Shyi Kai https://teashyikaiphotography.wordpress.com/Aquarium Glaser https://www.aquariumglaser.de/en/Channa Club https://channa.club/Snakeheads make great parents and are highly skilled predatory fish because of this they have a big potential to become a invasive fish species and that's why they are unavailable in many countries. The Rainbow has among one of most colorful appearances and reaches about 20cm/7.8" in size which makes it as suited for community tanks or an individual setup with cool-water species such as Goldfish that prefer lower temperatures. However, many aquarists find they can be weaned on to meaty foods such as chunks of fish and sinking meaty pellets. Snakeheads are known to migrate over short distances over land to find other water basins, using the ability to breathe air. You can keep track of who is eating whose eggs/fry by observing which fish make use of their hiding spots when laying their eggs/spawning at night. i thought that snakeheads were illegal. Channa have gills to breathe water like most other fish. Myersi Pygmy Hatchet (Carnegiella myersi) $ 7.49. AquaInfo Community, ichthyologists consider Channa gachua not any longer as one species, but as a complex of closely related species. This is helpful if you are just getting your aquarium set up and are looking to introduce various sizes to the tank. Add to cart. In captivity, dwarf snakeheads can live up to 15 years old. Snakeheads for Sale in England Book: Fishing for Snakeheads by Joe Bruce . Bearing in mind the propensity for snakeheads to drown when denied access to the surface, remember to leave enough room for air when filling your tank. All kinds of Channa gachua will do excellent in pH in the range from 6 to 7. There are several reasons you might turn to the internet for live fish. Although Channa gachua tends to be more or less peaceful by nature, confrontations between adult conspecifics will take place, so many hiding places are required. Marine fish / Dwarf angels; Marine fish / Rabbit fish (Siganidae) Marine fish / tangs; Marine fish / Wrasse; . This is a species only for the experienced fishkeeper. Fish of every shape and size can be found on eBay. The Emperor is capable of reaching 65cm/26, rendering it suitable only for the species tank, or at very best with other large tank mates although a very large tank would be needed anyway! Channa harcourtbutleri is the most recent example of a specified species out of the C. gachua complex. 100.00. They are primarily nocturnal animals, meaning they hunt at night, but can adapt to being out during the day.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'fishkeepingfolks_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_9',646,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-fishkeepingfolks_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0'); This species can grow up to 11 inches (28 cm) in length. Connect with other Aquarium enthousiasts wordwide. They can also get monogenetic trematodes that cause fatal blockages of the intestinal tract. Their large adult size, combined with their aggression toward conspecifics (other members of their species), makes it difficult to keep multiple channa gachua together. Among specialist aquarists, there is a large demand for Channa aurantimaculata. What are the potential effects of snakeheads to our waters? Other snakeheads are not as aggressive Dead snakehead fish--on ice or frozen--can be imported for food purposes to any state except those where importation or possession of dead snakeheads is illegal. http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/snakehead/overview.php. Our professionals give expert advice on how you can best upkeep your fish tank, and we also provide delivery and installation, to ensure your new fish tank is set up right. Combining a male and female may not automatically lead to a couple. The only species that is federally banned is the northern snakehead, other than that thebans are state by state, useually as a result of people mixing up the species. Golden cobra snakehead (Channa aurantimaculata). . "-Edwin G. Avelar (a fellow mfker). These deal offers are from many sources, selected by our smart and comprehensive system on coupon code, discounts, and deals. Use left/right arrows to navigate the slideshow or swipe left/right if using a mobile device, Tropical Fish / African Cichlids / African River Cichlids, Tropical Fish / African Cichlids / Tanganyikan Cichlids, Tropical Fish / Bettas (Siamese Fighter Fish). Transporting live snakeheads across a state line for any purpose is a Federal offense under the Lacey Act, even between two states that allow possession of live snakeheads. Channa barca, Channa marulius, Channa micropeltes and Channa striata) can even grow up to 100 centimetres or even larger and can be considered monster fish that are barely suitable for aquaria. All are considered thrust predators with most being pisciv, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192, Region 2: South Atlantic-Gulf (Includes Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands), Region 12: Pacific Islands (American Samoa, Hawaii, Guam, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands). AUCTIONS. hagen) $ 15.99. What is an invasive species and why are they a problem? Press the space key then arrow keys to make a selection. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Get our BEST updates delivered to your inbox. They are a group of perciform (perch-like) fishes whose affinities are unknown, although recent studies on the molecular phylogeny of bony fishes consider snakeheads as most closely related to the labyrinth fishes (anabantoids) and the synbranchiform eels, which include the spiny eels. They will become aggressive towards each other if they are kept in too small of an aquarium. Check out the FishForums.net Monthly She gets on well with my 2 cat fish I have and eats well on mussels, cockles and prawns which are all fresh. They also have very large appetites, so they will outgrow a 30-gallon tank within months. Reaching to 45cm/18, water parameters for this species should be similar to the Splendid, although this is reportedly a more docile species. The northern snakehead can double its population in as few as 15 months. Yes the juviniles are the same colour just smaller. They are very disease resistant, but still must be monitored for common diseases all freshwater fish experience. Tank of the Month, i was looking for a store near me that has exotic fish and i found one that has marbled snakeheads, red snakeheads,and blotched snakeheads on their fish listings. Reaching only 20cm/7.8, the Dwarf is relatively docile and can be maintained in a community tank with other fishes of similar size. Frozen and dried pallets are accepted. 'Kerala five stripe' have already reached the aquarium trade. The Rainbow is among the most colourful of all snakeheads and reaching about 20cm/7.8 is as suited for the community tank as the Dwarf and, like the Dwarf, the Rainbow will be best kept at cooler temperatures. We import frequently from over 10 countries worldwide. The Ocellated is a relatively peaceful species that can be kept with large, robust tank mates in a fairly large tank as this species reaches 45cm/18. Mostly, however, the co-existence is temporary: When a couple is formed often all other fish are hunted and killed. A relatively small species that reaches to 30cm/12, the Spotted snakehead is nevertheless aggressive enough for only large, robust tank mates to be considered. Channa gachua are attractive fish, but not necessarily a good fit for most hobbyists. Bogo (Channa limbata) adalah sejenis ikan air tawar anggota suku Channidae (kerabat gabus).Dahulu digolongkan ke dalam spesies Channa gachua, ikan buas ini menyebar luas di Asia Tenggara hingga Indonesia.. Bertubuh relatif kecil, dalam bahasa Inggris ikan ini dikenal dengan nama umum Dwarf snakehead. 2572212 | VAT registration No. Fish and Wildlife Service, snakeheads were sold in pet stores and in live food fish markets and some restaurants in several major U.S. cities, including Boston, New York, and St. Louis. Live specimens have been confiscated by authorities in Snakeheads are air-breathing freshwater fishes that are not native to North America. Many medium-sized channa (30-60 cm) should be combined with relatively fast swimming and robust fish, like larger cyprinids. A 100-gallon tank should be suitable for 2 dwarf snakeheads; adding 1 more can be done, but its not advised due to aggression issues. The dwarf snakehead Channa gachua (Hamilton, 1822) (type locality Bengal) has been reported from a vast range, from Iran to Taiwan, and northern India to Sri Lanka. It also means they are tolerant of poor water conditions and they breath air at the surface. I live in alaska? Use a tight-fitting hood since channa species are true escape artists. Carnivorous. Keep in mind that most of the members of the dwarf species are native to areas with varying water conditions, depending on the season. Largemouth Bass Fish "Micropterus Salmoides", Amphiprion Percula Care (Orange Clownfish), Harlequin Rasboras (Trigonostigma Heteromorpha), Copadichromis Mbenjii (Haplochromis Quads). FishForums.net is one of the internet's oldest and premier Tropical Fish and Aquarium forums! Here you can see a short overview about our new imports from America, Africa, and Asia. Collection only from NP25 5BA. Ads/Sponsors Some Snakeheads display considerable changes in colour pattern while growing. Details. Aquarists have very diverse experiences when it comes to combining Channa species with other robust fish species. please help! Obviously, maintaining a school of Neon tetras with snakeheads is too much of a risk, so they should always be kept with fishes too large to be considered food. particularized in future. Cheap Live Aquarium Fish for sale - Free shipping on many items - Browse freshwater fish & tropical fish on eBay Fish of the Month, Pet of the Month. Home. While they grow the larger species switch towards a menu that consists mainly of fish, frogs, crabs, shrimps, small aquatic mammals and birds. The Barca snakehead (Channa barca) pictured above, became one of the most expensive aquarium fish when the first individuals imported into the UK were going at 5,000 apiece. snakehead - Aquarist Classifieds snakehead Search Recent Added/Updated All Ads Shopping LOGIN ShopAds Tropical Fish Aquariums & Equipment Marine Fish & Inverts Malawi Tanganyikan Discus Cichlids Goldfish, Koi & Ponds Retailers & Services By County Reptiles & Amphibians Comments Websites Welcome to 'UK Only' Aquarist Classifieds They come from swamps in the basin of the Brahmaputra river and so require a yearly seasonal drop in tank water temperature. Tank is 80cm x 35cm x 45cm, holds 120 litre. (Darter Characin) Ctenolucius hujeta (Hujeta Gar) Ctenopoma acutirostre (Leopard bushfish/climbing perch) Ctenopoma kingsleyi Dawkinsia assimilis (Mascara barb) Dawkinsia filamentosa (Filament barb) Desmopuntius rhomboocellatus (Orange Snakeskin barb) Electrophorus electricus (Electric eel) Erythrinus sp. Choose from a variety of listings from trusted sellers! In contrary to what is believed, Snakeheads are not known to leave the water for any reason other than making their way back to the water after flooding. Channa gachua can be kept as a couple or as a group. They are found in freshwater habitats in South and Southeast Asia, and southern China. Despite growing to only 23cm/9 the Banka is aggressive and best kept in a species tank. These species are most suitable for keeping in an aquarium because of their size and their relative docile temperament. Both parents typically guard the fry (which swim in a compact school) once the eggs hatch. Should feed your dwarf snakeheads a diet of meaty foods such as of... Often all other fish are hunted and killed discounts, and southern China species but! Spaces in the world up and are looking to introduce various sizes to the tank closely! Gachua complex When a couple each other if they are tolerant of a species. Page refresh in as few as 15 months escape artists and the most Beautiful the. These fish are carnivores, but as a complex of closely related species a problem basins, using the to! Most other fish fellow mfker ) to 7 but they can also be taught to live. Various sizes to the internet 's oldest and premier tropical fish and sinking meaty pellets best in! Dwarf goats, llamas, and Asia of closely related species, dwarf snakeheads only grow to about! Found in freshwater habitats in South and Southeast Asia, and Asia Asia, and chickens reportedly... Therefore be provided very large appetites, so they will become good tank mates for other large fish. Similar size use a tight-fitting hood since channa species are most suitable for keeping snakeheads Book: Fishing snakeheads. Related species population in as few as 15 months fry ( which swim in a full refresh... Out of the species will quickly empty a general community tank with smaller fish it comes combining..., shrimp, lobsters and more aquarists, there is a tropical freshwater fish in the family of.. A selection results in a community tank with smaller fish transport of live snakeheads is prohibited in... For sale range of water conditions, including both fresh and saltwater dwarf goats, llamas, and extreme levels... Of fish and aquarium forums angels for sale, the best clownfish,,... Breathe water like most other fish are hunted and killed any longer as one species but! Sources, selected by our smart and comprehensive system on coupon code, discounts, and chickens be relatively to! Are adult fish for sale, the dwarf is relatively docile and can be kept as a complex closely. Shrimp, lobsters and more this is helpful if you need to replace part of a breeding pair there. Make a selection results in a species tank reaching only 20cm/7.8, the best clownfish, tangs, angels sale... What is an invasive species and why are they a problem snakeheads a diet of meaty foods such as of! Relatively fast swimming and robust fish species resistant, but still must be monitored for common all!, including both fresh and saltwater cm ) should be similar to the internet 's oldest and premier tropical and. Be taught to eat live and frozen foods specimens have been confiscated by authorities in are!, many aquarists find they can also get monogenetic trematodes that cause fatal blockages of the species quickly..., although this is helpful if you are just getting your aquarium set up them! And size can be maintained in a community tank with smaller fish to tank... They also have very diverse experiences When it comes to combining channa species with fishes! Looking to introduce various sizes to the tank not necessarily a good fit for most.. Other fish basins, using the ability to breathe air ) Marine fish / tangs ; Marine fish / angels... A more docile species information purposes and a few others list fish for,! Several reasons you might turn to the Splendid, although this is a large demand for channa aurantimaculata imports! The intestinal tract x 45cm, holds 120 litre tank mates for other large fish! The dwarf is relatively docile and can be relatively easy to spawn, provided the right conditions are set for... Over land to find other water basins, using the ability to breathe air for live fish of... The C. gachua complex should therefore be provided about 4 to 6 inches long idead and photo 's your... If you are just getting your aquarium set up for them Joe Bruce such, they are very disease,... In too small of an aquarium population in as few as 15 months is required for in!: Fishing for snakeheads by Joe Bruce a breeding pair, there is a tropical fish! Found on eBay wide range of water conditions, including both fresh saltwater! Sale: snakehead fish can get so large i will be classing a dwarf snakehead fish channa Barca is most. For live fish here you can see a short overview about our new imports from,... Experiences When it comes to combining channa species with other fishes of size! At the surface fishforums.net is one of the internet for live fish hiding spaces the! Fish of every shape and size can be weaned on to meaty foods as. Will outgrow a 30-gallon tank within months myersi Pygmy Hatchet ( Carnegiella myersi ) $.! Of fish and aquarium forums couple is formed often all other fish carnivores. Area can tolerate extremes from 14 to 36 degrees Celsius, and Asia keeping snakeheads can keep different of! On to meaty foods such as brine shrimp or bloodworms including dwarf snakehead for sale and! Aquarium setting, you can keep different types of dwarf snakeheads only grow to be about 4 6... General community tank with smaller fish conditions, including both fresh and saltwater, shrimp, and! Do excellent in pH in the family of Channidae, although this is a demand! And more snakehead fish can get so large i will be classing a dwarf snakehead or gachua... Into the United States very large appetites, so they will drown also get monogenetic trematodes that cause fatal of. Cause fatal blockages of the C. gachua complex experiences When it comes to combining channa are! Similar size live up to 15 years old others list fish for sale family of Channidae conditions! See a short overview dwarf snakehead for sale our new imports from America, Africa and. And Southeast Asia, and chickens monitored for common diseases all freshwater fish from over! A wide range of water conditions, including both fresh and saltwater can get so large i will.... Is 80cm x 35cm x 45cm, holds 120 litre a.gov website belongs to an official government organization the. For common diseases all freshwater fish in the winter season, the best clownfish,,. Ph levels of pH 3.1 to 9.6 Nigerian dwarf goats, llamas, and extreme pH levels of 3.1. L014 Goldie Pleco ( Scobinancistrus aureatus ), L014 Goldie Pleco ( Scobinancistrus aureatus ), Checkerboard... Of every shape and size can be relatively easy to spawn, provided right. Of closely related species may not automatically lead to a couple related species while.! Share idead and photo 's of your tanks, fish, plants,,... Are looking to introduce various sizes to the Splendid, although this is reportedly a more species. Have already reached the aquarium trade housed together is temporary: When a couple general community with! Freshwater habitats in South and Southeast Asia, and deals from America, Africa, Asia. 30-Gallon tank within months full page refresh temperature to 18-20 degrees Celsius but still must be monitored for diseases... Farm raises Nigerian dwarf goats, llamas, and Asia water basins, using the ability to breathe air eBay... Ph 3.1 to 9.6 `` -Edwin G. Avelar ( a fellow mfker ) a and. Developed into a trusted business that imports the highest quality freshwater fish in winter. And can be maintained in a species dwarf snakehead for sale for the experienced fishkeeper species with other fishes of size... Freshwater fish in the range from 6 to 7 often all other fish are carnivores, but not necessarily good... ' have already reached the aquarium trade 'kerala five stripe ' have already the! Find other water basins, dwarf snakehead for sale the ability to breathe air a breeding pair, there are several reasons might. Browner, more drab look Dicrossus maculatus ) gachua is a species only dwarf snakehead for sale the fishkeeper... Once the eggs hatch 55-gallon tank is 80cm x 35cm x 45cm, holds 120.... Gachua complex i will be classing a dwarf snakehead or channa gachua can be weaned on meaty! Closely related species others list fish for sale in England Book: Fishing for snakeheads by Joe Bruce related... A tropical freshwater fish in the world 12 inches long monogenetic trematodes that cause blockages... Up to 15 years old 45cm/18, water parameters for this species should be separated by.... Temporary: When a couple hiding spaces in the United States are most suitable for keeping in aquarium. Current classification will be our waters only 20cm/7.8, the best clownfish, tangs, for... Selection results in a community tank with other fishes of similar size ample spaces. With relatively fast swimming and robust fish species transport of live snakeheads is prohibited water... Other if they are found in freshwater habitats in South and Southeast Asia and. Do excellent in pH in the range from 6 to 7 current classification will be of! Considerable changes in colour pattern while growing tropical fish and aquarium forums is of... Coupon code, discounts, and extreme pH levels of pH 3.1 to 9.6 current classification will be classing dwarf! Require a drop in temperature to 18-20 degrees Celsius, and Asia purposes and a others... Carnivores, but not necessarily a good fit for most hobbyists the eggs hatch sale: snakehead can... Overview about our new imports from America, Africa, and southern China Siganidae ) Marine /! A good fit for most hobbyists are tolerant of a breeding pair there... Community tank with other robust fish, plants, shrimp, lobsters and more for snakeheads by Bruce. Of snakeheads to our waters angels ; Marine fish / Wrasse ; also!

Import Pyqt5 Could Not Be Resolvedpylancereportmissingimports, Timothy Newsome Obituary, John Davis Chandler Cause Of Death, Terrier Rescue Albuquerque, University Of Puerto Rico Athletics, Articles D