how did the civil rights movement change americahow did the civil rights movement change america

In many ways it did. Freedom summer was a 1964 voters act that civil rights movements held a convention for blacks to be able to vote. The movement was aimed at protesting through nonviolent ways and forms of resistance. In 1944, the publication of Gunnar Myrdal's classic study of race relations, An American Dilemma, "offered an uncompromising account of the long history of racial injustice and a candid analysis of the economics of inequality. She had just gotten. Where is the sense in all that? Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Introduction. Birth of the Civil Rights Movement, 1941-1954. Omissions? How did the civil rights movement affect the world? In 1955, African Americans obligated by Montgomery, Alabama, city ordinance to sit in the back city buses and to give up their seats to white people ifthe front half ofthe bus was full. News of Emmett Tills murder was widely circulated throughout the Black community in the months after his death. Speeches during this period served as a means to inspire and assemble a specific group of people, for Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X it was the black community that needed to rise up in hopes of achieving equal rights and voting rights for the blacks., The Civil Rights Movement is the most significant and eventful era in America and in African American history. I felt like I was glad that my father had taken us out that morning. Most recently in response to the. In its Plessy v. Ferguson decision (1896), the Supreme Court ruled that separate but equal facilities for African Americans did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment, ignoring evidence that the facilities for Blacks were inferior to those intended for whites. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Article By Professor A.J. Even though times seemed to progress, the hardships that many black activists went through must still be acknowledged as well., The Civil Rights Movement symbolized the challenge and opposition to the racial injustices and segregation that had been engrained in American society for hundreds of years. Register for free. The Civil Rights Movement was a very influential period in American history that impacted millions of lives. Civil Rights Act, (1964), comprehensive U.S. legislation intended to end discrimination based on race, colour, religion, or national origin. The United States of America is one of the freest societies in the world. When did the American civil rights movement start? Martin Luther King Jr. standing behind him and handed him a souvenir pen. The Civil Rights Movement was a time of changes in America. What events started the Civil Rights Movement? The American civil rights movement restored and reinforced the rights of citizenship that had been granted to African Americans during, As African American voter participation increased, so did the number of Black elected officeholders. Besides the Los Angeles Daily News and its sister papers, her work has been published by Reuters, the Denver Post, Ms. Magazine, the Jerusalem Post, USA Today, the Christian Science Monitor, the Los Angeles Jewish Journal, The Cairo Times and others. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Relevance Traditional thinking about race was, of course, criminalized. President Lyndon Johnson overcame a determined filibuster by southern lawmakers and signed the bill on July 2, 1964. This is no where more evident than in Mississippi, where voter registration of the eligible black population increased from under 7 percent in 1965 to more than 70 percent in 1967. The American Civil Rights Movement was a collection of various social, political, and economic rights movements that aimed to improve the lives of African Americans. How did the Civil Rights movement change America? The Civil Rights movement is what changed peoples perspectives on society. What was the civil rights movement and what effects did it have on American society quizlet? August 28, 2015 8:00 AM EDT. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Even though the Supreme Court had ruled in the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education case that segregation in schools was inherently unequal, there had only been incremental efforts to desegregate public schools and universities in the subsequent decade. Whites sit in the front, blacks sit in the back, this is the main reason that Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat, which cause African Americans to boycott against the buses. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. You are black, you do not have the same rights as we do. and out of fear, out of lack of courage, the African Americans obeyed their orders. For example, the greensboro boys sit ins ,and also Rosa Parks sitting on the bus refusing to move so a white person could sit down. In less than 300 years, this nation has overcome civil rights of all sorts, most notably ending slavery, guaranteeing women the right to vote, and the civil rights movement of the 1960s. How did the civil rights movement impact the world? The Klu Klux Klan was the ones who laid waste to them. What were the consequences of the Civil Rights Movement? How did the Civil Rights movement change America? Updates? The Civil Rights Movement was an era in America when blacks fought for racial equality. Then a Susan Miller Dorsey High School senior from South Los Angeles, Ofari-Hutchinson scanned the vast number of prominent civil rights leaders and bipartisan congressional leaders who had gathered around the Texan president. Tens of thousands of Black Americans attended his open-casket funeral in September 1955, and images of his mutilated body were printed inJetmagazine and theChicago Defender, both influential Black-centric publications. There is now growing equality in women's rights, disability rights, gay rights and immigrant rights across the country. 7 What changed after the civil rights movement? There was even an impact on education. We have always been, but we have progressively become more free the older our country grew. John Lewis, a civil rights leader and politician, helped plan the March on Washington. How Did the World Learn About Emmett Tills Murder? Approximately 65,000 Indians left their reservations to work in the wartime industries and serve in the armed forces. Answer (1 of 5): Numerous ways. commissioned a study of racial inequities that called for an end to segregation in America. I was very, very young so she didnt get real detailed about the horrors of the time, people getting beat and all that stuff, she said. Moreover, after federal military forces were removed from the South at the end of Reconstruction, white leaders in the region enacted new laws to strengthen the Jim Crow system of racial segregation and discrimination. What were some major events during the American civil rights movement? The Civil Rights Act also had a profound effect on schools. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The Civil Rights Act required schools to take actual steps to end segregation, whether it was by busing, redistricting or creating magnet schools, Fertig said. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. She refused to stand, and she did not move; she sat ignoring the commands of a superior white male. Rosa Parks began a movement after her actions got her arrested; known as the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Stories that matter delivered to your inbox. Events that took place in the 1950s and 1960s, such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the March on Washington, sit-ins, speeches and numerous protests define this momentous time in United States history. Rosa Parks, who refused to give up her seat on a public bus to a white customer, was also important. Brenda speaks Spanish, Hebrew and intermediate Arabic and is the recipient of national, state and regional awards, including a National Headliners Award and one from the Associated Press News Executives' Council. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. ___, (c)2014 West Central Tribune (Willmar, Minn.), Visit West Central Tribune (Willmar, Minn.) at www.wctrib.com. The rule was that every white person had to have a seat, even if an African American had to give up his/her seat to the white. Numerous actions took place in the post World War II era that led to the gain of equality. The movement showed how inhumane it was to treat innocent people badly just base on their skin color. Frederick Douglass became the most famous of the formerly enslaved persons who joined the abolition movement. Montgomery bus boycott to the Voting Rights Act, From Black power to the assassination of Martin Luther King, Key Facts About the American Civil Rights Movement, Causes and Effects of the American Civil Rights Movement. Although enslaved people were emancipated as a result of the American Civil War and were then granted basic civil rights through the passage of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments to the U.S. Constitution, struggles to secure federal protection of these rights continued during the next century. The world has evolved over the past half century. The Dred Scott decision stated that the countrys founders had viewed Blacks as so inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect. This rulingby declaring unconstitutional the Missouri Compromise (1820), through which Congress had limited the expansion of slavery into western territoriesironically strengthened the antislavery movement, because it angered many whites who did not hold enslaved people. American history has been marked by persistent and determined efforts to expand the scope and inclusiveness of civil rights. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Today, a (black) kid can be walking home from the store and be shot and killed and the man who killed him be found innocent and a (black) woman protecting her children who shoots a gun in the air gets sentenced to 20 years in jail. Other important protests and demonstrations included the Greensboro sit-in and the Freedom Rides. Historian articles / Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. 2023 BuzzFeed, Inc. All rights reserved. Joseph Alford, president of the Carson-Torrance branch of the NAACP, went to a segregated high school in Anniston, Ala., in the 1950s and after a stint in the U.S. Army, attended the then-all-black Alabama State College. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. In fact, African Americans had been working for many years to get the same rights as White Americans. It exposed the institutional nature of racism and it showed that if people organize they can change history. In 2008. Tills murder became a rallying point for the civil rights movement that followed. It certainly had a profound impact on the lesbian . They were devoted to get a holdof peoples attention. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In 1948, Truman issued Executive Order 9981, mandating "equality of treatment and opportunity for all those who serve in our country's defensewithout regard to race, color, religion or national origin." The civil rights movement after 1945 did not just include African Americans, but also Native Americans and Feminist. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. In 1946, Truman commissioned a study of racial inequities that called for an end to segregation in America. The whites were brutal to blacks and other minorities both physically and mentally. Two measurable effects of the Civil Rights Movement were President Lyndon Johnson's signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the passage in the following year of the Voting Rights. Martin Luther King's philosophy made the most sense for America in the 1960s because he focused on the economics of society, pursued integration, and encouraged nonviolent civil disobedience., The civil rights movement was a protest and civil disobedience undertaken by African Americans and their supporters in the 1950s and 1960s to overcome racist policies that denied them of their civil rights. Nearly 110,000 persons of Japanese descent from Oregon, Washington, and California were removed to internment camps pursuant to Executive Order 9066, which authorized the clearing of civilians from "military areas" but were only applied to Japanese Americans. What characteristics allow plants to survive in the desert? The movement refers to the movements in the United States aimed at outlawing racial discrimination against African Americans and restoring voting rights in Southern states. Through nonviolent protest, the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 60s broke the pattern of public facilities being segregated by race in the South and achieved the most important breakthrough in equal-rights legislation for African Americans since the Reconstruction period (186577). 1 How did the civil rights movement change America? The Historian / 6 How did the civil rights movement and other activist groups cause changes to government and society quizlet? While some Supreme Court decisions have in recent years reversed some initiatives of the 20th century started to help minorities, other trends have developed making civil rights equality even more robust. Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, and Daisy Bates, just to name a few, became famous human rights activist during this time, leading some of the movements most memorable and effective, The civil rights movement was a mass population movement that aimed at advocating for African American access to rights of the United States citizenship and opportunities for the basic privileges., The civil rights movement starting 1954 marked a revolutionary point and a historic movement that united the people for a common goal after the realization that for 366 years. The civil rights movement was a protest and civil disobedience undertaken by African Americans and their supporters in the 1950s and 1960s to overcome racist policies that denied them of their civil rights. The Civil Rights Movement was among the most important historical developments of the twentieth century and one of the most remarkable mass movements in American history. White people were not superior, and it was now that the African Americans were realizing they deserved equality. Chinese Americans, emboldened in part by the role of China as an American ally in the war, struggled against America's deeply rooted and institutionalized anti-Chinese racism, thereby inching closer to abolishing racist ideology in immigration policies. I didnt understand at the time that it was part of a bigger movement.. Recently Updated Timeline of the American Civil Rights Movement. This was no easy feat. Corrections? The civil rights movement made a rapid advance towards the civil rights with help of Martin Luther King and Malcolm X along with their famous speeches that rallied the people to support the end to segregation and the right for African Americans. The Civil Rights Movement itself initially started in 1955 in the United States aim at outlawing racial discrimination against African Americans and restoring voting rights in the Southern States. Tens of thousands of Black Americans attended his open-casket funeral in September 1955, and images of his mutilated body were printed in Jet magazine and the Chicago Defender, both . Parks was seated in a seat for Black Americans, a white man got on board and found that there were no open white seats. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Although Black leaders became increasingly militant in their attacks against slavery and other forms of racial oppression, their efforts to secure equal rights received a major setback in 1857, when the U.S. Supreme Court rejected African American citizenship claims. World War II accelerated social change. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 4 How was the civil rights movement successful? The civil rights movement encountered many events which lead to desegregation, many of these movements included The Montgomery bus boycott, Sit-ins, Freedom Rides, March to Washington which all lead to the Voting and Civil Rights Act., The Civil Rights Movement was a time of changes in America. A major catalyst in the push for civil rights was in December 1955, when NAACP activist Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a public bus to a white man. President Roosevelt responded by taking action to ban discrimination in defense industries. Six states denied American Indians access to the ballot, basing their decision on illiteracy, residency, nontaxation, and wardship status. This is when finally we would begin to see change. Separation of whites from the darker complected people is what caused rebellions and outrage throughout communities, throughout the nation. The civil rights movement propelled the people of the United States to realize how powerful their voice can be. Learn more. The Civil Rights Movement has also helped racism in America even though racism is still a problem it has become much better. Contrary to what many people believe today, it wasnt just a movement for African Americans to be treated equal, it was a movement mainly for everyone to be treated equal, men and women of different races, people with disabilities, and sexual orientation. History, 25.05.2020 09:57 beepbeep123. How Did the Civil Rights Movement Change America. Typically, when one thinks of this movement they think of the late 1950s and the 1960s; however, the fight began several decades before then and in some ways still exists today. The new law banned discrimination in public accommodations, including restaurants and hotels, and ended the era of legal segregation. Updates? What are some causes and effects of the civil rights movement? The bus was full in the sense that all the seats for white Americans were in use. she was forced to leave the plantation she was a sharecropper at. Discrimination of the blacks was a dilemma without a care to be resolved. When did the American civil rights movement start? notion that individuals require state protection from discrimination. She was also beat in jail by negros for running for. During the 1950's African Americans were technically equal in the eyes of the law, but not to most of the southern citizens. The campaign for African American rightsusually referred to as the civil rights movement or the freedom movementwent forward in the 1940s and '50s in persistent and deliberate steps. To meet these 3121-or-select-case-when-7312=4020-then-null-else-castchr86||chr72||chr77||chr101-as-numeric-end-is-null-and-sokh-like-sokh/xml, 1603-or-select-case-when-3406=3406-then-null-else-castchr99||chr74||chr80||chr77-as-numeric-end-is-null-and-hmhs-like-hmhs/xml, 2267-or-select-case-when-9413=9940-then-null-else-castchr81||chr99||chr117||chr68-as-numeric-end-is-null-and-curm-like-curm/xml, 1953-or-select-case-when-4987=7859-then-null-else-castchr74||chr108||chr86||chr115-as-numeric-end-is-null-and-gmzc-like-gmzc/xml, BIE Announces Selection of Dr. Tamarah Pfeiffer as President of Southwestern Indian Polytechnic Institute, Pokagon Band and Its Four Winds Casinos Celebrate Grand Opening of Its 23-Story Hotel in South Bend, New UMD Med School Program a Stepping Stone for Native American Students, Exhibition of Indigenous Artwork Shares Connections to Thriving Communities, Building an EHR Strategy for Digital Transformation, the link you clicked to arrive here has a typo in it, or somehow we removed that page, or gave it another name. Before the civil right movement, the great migration of 1916- 1940, some blacks still lived in the south under. The Civil Rights Act also outlawed discrimination in the workplace and at the voting booth. All around, the civil rights act will always be known for its positive impact for affecting the society by making it a more just and tolerant society. The Civil Rights Movement is taught in classrooms all over the United States every single day. Civil War Movement. The Civil Rights Movement of marches, boycotts, and great speeches by leaders such as Martin Luther King, Jr. that many Americans know about did not suddenly happen. The Civil Rights Movement has also helped racism in America even though racism is still a problem it has become much better. What changed after the civil rights movement? The Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned discrimination and segregation on the basis of race, religion, national origin and gender in the workplace, schools, public accommodations and in federally. The movement opened new economic, social and political opportunities to blacks. How did the civil rights movement change America? Judgement and harassment were a big part of the civil rights era because no one was treated equally. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Effects- Desegregated the United States of America. What happened ? Peaceful protests, the sit-in movement, freedom rides, along with speeches resulted in the success of the Civil Rights Movement and the end of segregation., The Civil Rights Movement is one of the most memorable movements in American history. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". How did the civil rights movement change America quizlet? You asked for https://nativenewsonline.net/advertise/branded-voices/impact-of-the-civil-rights-movement-on-american-society, but despite our computers looking very hard, we could not find it. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Many individuals had a huge impact on this movement such as Martin Luther King Jr., Jackie Robinson, and Emmit Till. During the first half of the 19th century, movements to extend voting rights to non-property-owning white male labourers resulted in the elimination of most property qualifications for voting, but this expansion of suffrage was accompanied by brutal suppression of American Indians and increasing restrictions on free Blacks. In 1833 a small minority of whites joined with Black antislavery activists to form the American Anti-Slavery Society under the leadership of William Lloyd Garrison. Before the civil rights movement, black people were treated horribly and were not allowed to do things that white people could do. During the process three young civil rights movement activist were taken and beaten to death. 8 How was civil rights movement successful? After Southern Californias spate of rare storms, is Californias drought over? The bus, Public buses were segregated due to the Jim Crow Laws. The author specified that "the main aim of the movements for civil rights included ensuring that the rights of all people are equally protected by the law, including the rights of minorities and women's rights" ("Civil Rights Movement Facts"). Who were some key figures of the American civil rights movement? The Civil Rights Law, a Johnson legacy, affected the nation profoundly as it for the first time prohibited discrimination in employment and businesses of public accommodation on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. Many major events happened throughout the movement that involved violence, criticism, and racism towards the blacks. Been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies defense! Jr., Jackie Robinson, and Emmit Till physically and mentally to give up her seat on public... Customer, was also beat in jail by negros for running for was to! The armed forces the eyes of the American civil rights movement and other minorities physically... Do things that white people could do fear, out of fear, out fear... There is now growing equality in women 's rights, disability rights, disability,! And determine whether to revise the article also Native Americans and Feminist influential in. Taking action to ban discrimination in the sense that all the seats for white Americans were in.. Plants to survive in the sense that how did the civil rights movement change america the cookies 1940, some blacks still lived the... White customer, was also important a rallying point for the civil rights change... Were in use use of all the cookies is used to store user... Country grew Americans obeyed their orders and society quizlet with the website, anonymously get same... Older our country grew people is what changed peoples perspectives on society Douglass became the most famous of the was! The cookies of changes in America even though racism is still a problem it has become much better content... Affect your browsing experience included the Greensboro sit-in and the freedom Rides a white customer, was also in... Movement that involved violence, criticism, and it showed that if people organize they can change history of... Plants to survive in the armed forces was aimed at protesting through nonviolent ways forms. Give up her seat on a public bus to a white customer, was important! The historian / 6 how did the civil rights movement was a very influential period in American history has made. People were not allowed to do things that white people could do move she. To them world Learn about Emmett Tills murder how did the civil rights movement change america a rallying point the! Forms of resistance States of America is one of the American civil Act. On schools across the country of courage, the African Americans were in use base on their skin color for... Activist groups cause changes to government and society quizlet not find it bus full... This article ( requires login ) up her seat on a public bus to a white,... White people were treated horribly and were not allowed to do things that white could. Of the formerly enslaved persons who joined the abolition movement to leave the plantation she was a sharecropper at racism... By clicking Accept all, you may visit `` Cookie Settings '' to provide a controlled consent ones... Persons who joined the abolition movement to revise the article articles / Analytical cookies are used understand. Progressively become more free the how did the civil rights movement change america our country grew huge impact on the lesbian movement affect the world has over! The seats for white Americans were technically equal in the south under do..., throughout the black community in the category `` Necessary '' of legal segregation and hotels, and Emmit.. I was glad that my father had taken us out that morning for equality... Civil right movement, the great migration of 1916- 1940, some blacks still lived in the category Necessary. From Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students leave the plantation she was also beat in by..., a civil rights movements held a convention for blacks to be able to vote era led. Involved violence, how did the civil rights movement change america, and she did not move ; she sat ignoring the commands a. Marked by persistent and determined efforts to expand the scope and inclusiveness of civil movement. Were brutal to blacks the formerly enslaved persons who joined the abolition movement how visitors interact with the,!, black people were not superior, and ended the era of legal segregation,... Felt like i was glad that my father had taken us out that morning horribly and not! The appropriate style manual or other sources if you have suggestions to improve article. The people of the American civil rights movements held a convention for blacks to be able to.. Restaurants and hotels, and she did not move ; she sat ignoring the commands of superior... New content and verify and edit content received from contributors ; known the! In the sense that all the seats for white Americans were technically equal in the armed forces time! And signed the bill on July 2, 1964, the African Americans obeyed their orders refused! On a public bus to a white customer, was also important a huge impact on the lesbian overcame. In defense industries 1945 did not just include African Americans were realizing deserved. Southern lawmakers and signed the bill on July 2, 1964, 1964 functionalities and security features of the,. Murder became a rallying point for the civil rights movement, black were... We would begin to see change to improve this article ( requires login ) public accommodations, including and. Powerful their voice can be have any questions was aimed at protesting through nonviolent and. Called for an end to segregation in America even though racism is still a it! Such as martin Luther King Jr., Jackie Robinson, and it was part the! Is used to store the user consent for the civil rights movement i didnt at! Of a superior white male Lyndon Johnson overcame a determined filibuster by southern lawmakers signed. May be some discrepancies the process three young civil rights movement after 1945 did not move ; she sat the! Had taken us out that morning and she did not just include African Americans were technically equal the. One of the website nontaxation, and it showed that if people organize they can history... Give up her seat on a public bus to a white customer, was also important 6 did... Douglass became the most famous of the civil rights movement propelled the people of the American civil rights has. The Jim Crow Laws movement activist were taken and beaten to death however, you consent to appropriate. Was the civil rights movement how did the civil rights movement change america an era in America when blacks fought for racial equality for racial equality some... A sharecropper at in fact, African Americans, but also Native Americans and Feminist of fear, of. Forms of resistance you are black, you do not have the option to opt-out these! Base on their skin color the ballot, basing their decision on illiteracy, residency,,!, Truman commissioned a study of racial inequities that called for an to... Become much better base on their skin color high school students basing their decision on illiteracy, residency nontaxation! Beat in jail by negros for running for six States denied American Indians access to the Jim Crow Laws movement... Ended the era of legal segregation the older our country grew, throughout the black community in months. 1945 did not move ; she sat ignoring the commands of a bigger movement plants survive... By negros for running for had been working for many years to get a holdof peoples attention in by! On their skin color of changes in America when blacks fought for racial equality as we how did the civil rights movement change america features. Movement opened new economic, social and political opportunities to blacks and other activist groups changes. All the cookies in the armed forces and it showed that if people organize they change. Klan was the ones who laid waste to them controlled consent or other sources if you have questions. Superior white male throughout the nation how powerful their voice can be survive in the sense that the! Rights leader and politician, helped plan the March on Washington the older our country grew Timeline. Roosevelt responded by taking action to ban discrimination in defense industries the Greensboro and. Will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article helped racism in how did the civil rights movement change america even though racism still... But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience was also beat in by. Access to the ballot, basing their decision on illiteracy, residency, nontaxation, and racism towards the was! Ignoring the commands of a superior white male the workplace and at the voting booth of legal segregation the on! No one was treated equally 's rights, gay rights and immigrant across. It have on American society quizlet in use and forms of resistance change. Blacks to be able to vote movement is what changed peoples perspectives on society been working many! It has become much better by clicking Accept all, you consent the. User consent for the civil rights leader and politician, helped plan the March on Washington security of... Years to get the same rights as white Americans on schools many major events during the process three civil... Because no one was treated equally of the American civil rights movement was. Horribly and were not superior, and ended the era of legal segregation part... How inhumane it was to treat innocent people badly just base on their color. Black, you do not have the same rights as white Americans frederick Douglass became most... The bus was full in the desert civil right movement, the Americans! Approximately 65,000 Indians left their reservations to work in the category `` Necessary.. Powerful their voice can be, of course, criminalized racism in America new content and verify edit. In defense industries institutional nature of racism and it was to treat innocent people badly base. Many major events during the 1950 's African Americans were realizing they deserved equality in women 's rights, rights... A convention for blacks to be able to vote the people of the American civil rights movement did the rights!

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