3. 1. /Font << What would the tax rate be under a broad-based income tax? /Image8 18 0 R /Tabs /S An effective assessment will analyze a given interventions technical feasibility and implementation. Gordon, Tracy. In 2019, 4 percent of local government general revenue came directly from the federal government (e.g., federal funds for local transportation projects) and 31 percent came from state governments (the numbers do not sum to the total share from intergovernmental transfers because of rounding). /F7 42 0 R endobj /ExtGState << Beyond central government funding, the primary revenue streams for municipal governments are service fees, fines, taxes, and assets such as buildings and properties. 8 State and Local Finance Data: Exploring the Census of Governments, Gross Domestic Product, Third Quarter 2018 (Second Estimate); Corporate Profits, Third Quarter 2018 (Preliminary Estimate), Follow the Money: How to Track Federal Funding to Local Governments. Tax is a compulsory levy imposed by government on individuals and companies, for the various legitimate function of the state (, Tax is a necessary ingredient for civili"ation. endobj The need for state and local governments to generate adequate revenue from internal sources has therefore become a matter of extreme urgency and importance. It operates a federal system of government that is, . /Type /Page % #$ e-`w6w Cities can also raise revenues by increasing the number of transactions through various approaches. What are the sources of revenue for state governments? 13 0 obj /Resources << =s`Eu00Fu@dH*e&PtD\ \ v B#L2]\m And what is feasible to achieve? "F$H:R!zFQd?r9\A&GrQhE]a4zBgE#H *B=0HIpp0MxJ$D1D, VKYdE"EI2EBGt4MzNr!YK ?%_&#(0J:EAiQ(()WT6U@P+!~mDe!hh/']B/?a0nhF!X8kc&5S6lIa2cKMA!E#dV(kel }}Cq9 Census of Governments, vol. How large are individual income tax incentives for charitable giving? What are municipal bonds and how are they used? The maximum curtailed power was 963 MW, and the total annual curtailed energy generation was 560 million kWh, with a . A citizens guide to the fascinating (though often complex) elements of the US tax system. Principles of leadership. How do phaseouts of tax provisions affect taxpayers? For existing land lease contracts, cities could maximize value through renegotiation or cancellation and retender based on tenant response. How did the TCJA affect the federal budget outlook? /StructParents 2 revenue generation and the development of the rural areas using Ikorodu local government in Lagos Nigeria. 'ocal governments in, over a number of years. How accurate are long-run budget projections? In Nigeria, as in other developing countries, the debate on the nature and purpose of local government has been a long and at times better one. In 2019, 31 percent of state general revenue came from the federal government (e.g., the federal share of Medicaid spending and federal transportation money allocated for state projects) and 1 percent came from local governments. In Los Angeles, for instance, developers can obtain an expedited engineering permit for a surcharge of 40 percent of the permits cost. /Image8 18 0 R /Image8 18 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode What are the major options for comprehensive tax reform? /Meta77 66 0 R To meet rising expectations for service delivery amid tight budgets, municipal governments must increase revenues from existing sources as well as create new revenue streams. endobj What policy reforms could simplify the tax code? Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in recommended that the local government should provide basic amenities of high quality. <> What tax incentives encourage energy production from fossil fuels? How do state earned income tax credits work? >> How do taxes affect the economy in the long run? )U!$5X3/9 ($5j%V*'&*r" (,!!0b;C2( I8/ Local government administration in Nigeria: A comparative perspective. Tax is however, a compulsory levy imposed by government on individuals and companies for various legitimate functions of the state (Olaoye, 2008). /F4 23 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] That amount includes intergovernmental transfers from the federal government but not transfers between state and local governments (which is why the combined total is less than the sum of the separate state and local totals listed below). /Contents 80 0 R Strategic control and revenue generation: A critical success factor in local government using the balanced scorecard. As a result, local governments are continually forced to levying of non-property taxes and fees (Steiss et al, 2011,). /Parent 2 0 R /Font << Sarah Jindra, Chicagos ticket amnesty program begins today, WGN9, November 10, 2015, wgntv.com. 6 0 obj /StructParents 9 What tax incentives exist for higher education? Government and to the State Governments. What is the effect of a lower tax rate for capital gains? <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 11 0 R 16 0 R 19 0 R 22 0 R 23 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> >> Issues in public administration and Local government: The comparative perspective. What types of federal grants are made to state and local governments and how do they work? University Press. Public sector revenue management is as managing government revenue in public sectors. /Group << >> Cities that successfully cultivate a mixture of actions can dramatically improve their fiscal health and improve services for their residents. 10 0 obj /Font << Something went wrong. Elected officials have four primary revenue sources, each containing multiple levers. Theoretically the study was supported with the Efficiency and Development theories. Eneanya, A. N. (2012). /Image8 18 0 R How does the current system of international taxation work? endobj We also look into the future in an. << What are the economic effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act? /Image8 18 0 R What are the sources of revenue for the federal government? How did the TCJA affect incentives for charitable giving? /Resources << (Sources of state general revenue do not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.). Please try again later. How do state and local individual income taxes work? The contribution of property taxes to general revenue declined from 34 percent in 1977 to 30 percent in 1979, fell to a low of 27 percent in 2000, then returned to 30 percent in recent years. <>stream We have found that this effort has led to a year-over-year increase in municipal revenues of 30 percent. How did the TCJA change the standard deduction and itemized deductions? However revenue generation by communities dates back to 1986 when central government requested the local . endobj In our experience, cities that fare the best in their revenue generation efforts create an internal dedicated unit that is responsible for the strategys implementation. endobj /XObject << This can be accomplished through moves that wont adversely affect public opinion or a citys competitiveness in attracting businesses and economic development. >> >> /Image73 63 0 R Ayodele, I. O., & Sunday, A. E. (2009). How does the federal government spend its money? How did the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act change personal taxes? OECD fiscal decentralization database (object name Table 12: 1970 2016), OECD, accessed April 15, 2019, oecd.org. Agu (2010) examined the . What are health reimbursement arrangements and how do they work? Charges and miscellaneous fees, such as water, sewerage, and parking meter fees collected by municipal or county governments, provided $385 billion (23 percent of local general revenue). 3. /Tabs /S /Image85 72 0 R What is the tax treatment of charitable contributions? . In contrast, revenues from charges steadily increased from 11 percent of general revenuein 1977 to 17 percent in 2019. What is the Medicare trust fund, and how is it financed? 1346-1366. Ola Ventures. endobj Which tax provisions subsidize the cost of health care? >> This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Candice Ferrette and Robert Brodsky, Red-light camera revenues jump in Nassau County,. HyTSwoc [5laQIBHADED2mtFOE.c}088GNg9w '0 Jb /Meta57 46 0 R Its time to change it,, Author Talks: The worlds longest study of adult development finds the key to happy living, The executives guide to new-business building, Generative AI is here: How tools like ChatGPT could change your business, Smart cities: Digital solutions for a more livable future, Dubai introduces innovation fees for government transactions,. Local governments collected $1.7 trillion of general revenue in 2017. What is the Highway Trust Fund, and how is it financed? The revenue systems of these governments eroded while the workloads and scope on the expenditure side of the state and local system budget . What tax incentives exist to help families save for education expenses? /F4 23 0 R Cities use fines as both a deterrent for behavior at odds with the public goodfor example, the accumulation and nondisposal of garbage or building construction without a temporary fenceand a revenue source. %PDF-1.4 7 0 obj 203 copies of the questionnaire were administered to staff of Ikorodu local government who were simple randomly selected of which 188 (92.6%) were retrieved while 15 (7.4%) copies were not retrieved. When renegotiating existing leases, several levers can be utilized, such as increasing allowable floor-to-area ratio (FAR), collecting penalties for violations, amending contract duration and payment terms, and modifying plot use. /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 841.92] What are dynamic scoring and dynamic analysis? endobj /Type /Group Another 6percent of localgeneral revenue came from miscellaneous sources such as amounts received from the sale of property and interest from some investment securities. Revenue sources and economic growth in Nigeria: An appraisal. /S /Transparency /F5 40 0 R Despite the numerous options available to generate more funding for city operations, elected officials must proceed carefully. We'll email you when new articles are published on this topic. >> Impact on economy. 1 0 obj What would and would not be taxed under a VAT? (2006). Performance meetings should be scheduled on a weekly basis to track revenue generation and build ownership. /F1 20 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] /F2 21 0 R Professional Import Duties Administrators What is the difference between refundable and nonrefundable credits? Since development demands a lot of capital, this study will critically analyze the relationship between local government finance system i.e. 5. What tax changes did the Affordable Care Act make? This category involves enhancing internal effectiveness of city teams to generate more revenues without visible impact to the public. 7 "Follow the Money: How to Track Federal Funding to Local Governments." endobj Local governments created with administrative and financial autonomy have two sources of revenue (internal and external) to promote development at the grassroot. What is the tax treatment of college and university endowments? Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapter), 1(10), 2435. As such, it should have a seat on the revenue committee as well as the authority to define roles and responsibilities to track the revenue generated across different municipalities. To address this problem, requires proper implementation of plans directed at enhancing adequate revenue generation. << Other strategies, such as payment plans, can also reduce leakage and increase collections. endobj And as the new normal begins to take shape, you'll also have to plan for the near- and long . The challenge is identifying and prioritizing the opportunities that will have the greatest impact and are relatively feasible. % 7, 192209. >> endobj /Image91 75 0 R This approach has the potential to not only fairly penalize offenders and reduce instances of speeding but also to generate more revenue. What are the benefits of return-free filing? Simple, Fair, and Pro-Growth: Proposals to Fix Americas Tax System, Report of the Presidents Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform, November 2005, The Moment of Truth: Report of the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform, December 2010, Debt Reduction Task Force, Restoring Americas Future, Bipartisan Policy Center, November 2010, The Tax Reform Act of 2014: Fixing Our Broken Tax Code So That It Works for American Families and Job Creators, House Ways and Means Committee, The Graetz Competitive Tax Plan, Updated for 2015. /Meta56 45 0 R What is the TCJA repatriation tax and how does it work? Keywords: Local Government, Administration, Finance, Decentralization, Nigeria, Iwo Introduction One area which has remained neglected over time by the local governments in Nigeria is revenue generation. 5 Revenue generation is the main source of income to the Federal, State and local Governments. Randall, Megan, Tracy Gordon, Solomon Greene, and Erin Huffer. /Image95 78 0 R Taxes accounted for 42 percent of local general revenue in 2017. How might the tax exclusion for employer-sponsored health insurance (ESI) be reformed? xo A>a#dkU(0 KJ@C2aOb4a&MoZ(K#YWa-SI{;E zubQ?$6 J&/oB50uvF>LO>Cw~N.1~,s%8#/A"akFu^6V07ST]hi/p4g8GtC? _X*O9H+CaB(ErQK]0K|d)F2t4a6ntHFcjdiD /Meta37 37 0 R Are the Social Security trust funds real? >> Small businesses . Predicting Municipal Fiscal Distress: Aspiration or Reality? Prior to the 2011 state income tax increase local governments received a 10.0% share of the income tax revenue. Problems of revenue generation in local government administration in Nigeria. 1 0 obj Taxation as a Source of Revenue Generation in Local Governments, Nigeria Authors: Augustine Osho Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti David Adelagun Ajayi Abstract and Figures period of 5years. /Parent 2 0 R What kinds of tax-favored retirement arrangements are there? /Length 5747 >> Through leases, joint ventures, and joint development agreements, municipalities can generate additional income. /Parent 2 0 R Maintaining public support is critical to the longer-term viability of such efforts, and cities must create an attractive business climate. >> endobj /F3 84 0 R Revenue Generation in Local Government Areas (Problems and Prospects) Filed in Accounting Project Topics, Current Projects by TMLT Editorials on July 20, 2021 The final 32 percent of state general revenue came from intergovernmental transfers. /Contents [14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R] /Meta44 31 0 R >> 10 0 obj Please email us at: 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, says UN, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, May 16, 2018, un.org. %PDF-1.5 4 0 obj Revenue has been found to be nose diving from time to time due to the weakness in the control framework that exists in the public sector. /XObject << Perhaps the simplest and most straightforward approach across each of the four revenue streams would be to charge more. the enabling law in form of local government act 1997 (amended). Its time to change it, CityMetric, March 12, 2018, citymetric.com. hv-oRv9[Plq ?#o-.mOqi@}Fdl(d]i&y-tIT>=#'K/+EmKO+pe>"J*#9(tG_0Yb,UfR`En`o7So^ 0000002251 00000 n Sarah Jindra, Chicagos ticket amnesty program begins today, WGN9, November 10, 2015, wgntv.com. However, the composition of tax revenue has changed somewhat. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] The Nigerian political system is of a federal one which implies that all the three tiers of government should each function to provide good, >> (2006). /Type /Group <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 13 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> 8 0 obj 9evelopment is highly associated #ith, much revenue is needed to plan, execute and maintain infrastructures and facilities, developmental pro%ects li$e construction of accessible roads, building of public, schools, health care centers, construction of bridges among others are sources, generated from taxes, royalties, haulages, fines and, international governments. As city populations swell, municipal governments face increasing pressure from citizens and businesses to improve service delivery performance. Cities should consider the following areas: Collectively, these assessments will help cities to produce a prioritized list of levers for implementation. Governments, with input from citizens, must decide how to manage risks Local governments collected $1.9 trillion in general revenues in 2019. >> /Contents 43 0 R If the use tax is not paid, the refund will be reduced by the amount of use tax determined to be due. 11 /ExtGState << 2. To mobili"e and utili"e both human and material resources by engaging the. (*(%8H8c- fd9@6_IjH9(3=DR1%? >> Municipalities could increase service fees (such as those on parking and construction permits) as well as fines, taxes, and the cost of accessing city assets (such as beaches). What are the sources of revenue for state governments? /Resources << <> << How have the sources of revenue for state and local governments changed over time? /Annots [27 0 R 28 0 R] /CS /DeviceRGB Key 2022 Takeaways. /Tabs /S The final 34 percent of local government general revenue came from intergovernmental transfers. All revenue data are from the US Census Bureaus Annual Survey of State Government Tax Collections. /StructParents 0 /Font << endobj What is the breakdown of revenues among federal, state, and local governments? 0000001471 00000 n % (*(%8H8c- fd9@6_IjH9(3=DR1%? 0000003920 00000 n What options would increase federal revenues? A., & Adewoye, J. O. /Type /Page /XObject << << x- [ 0}y)7ta>jT7@t`q2&6ZL?_yxg)zLU*uSkSeO4?c. R -25 S>Vd`rn~Y&+`;A4 A9 =-tl`;~p Gp| [`L` "AYA+Cb(R, *T2B- <>>> How does the tax system subsidize child care expenses? What can state and local sales taxes tell us about a national retail sales tax? We show that increased revenues from shale gas and oil during this period are strongly associated with decreased local government relianceonnesandfeesasrevenuesources. How might the taxation of capital gains be improved? Hassan, M. M. (2011). Furthermore, the funding that municipalities receive from other government entities is decreasing. How are different consumption taxes related? Concept Publications. >> Taxes provided 42 percent of local general revenues, including: Charges, such as city revenue from sewerage and parking fees, when combined, provided 18 percent of local general revenues in 2019. Revenue has been found to be nose diving from time to time due to the weakness in the control framework that exists in the public sector. As presently contained in the 1999 constitution, local governments receive 20 percent of the federation account. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] 0000000532 00000 n In general, cities draw from four types of sources that each include numerous levers (Exhibit 2). Finally, cities could introduce new types of service fees, fines, and chargesand in so doing, create new sources of revenue. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Cities that want to implement new charges will be more likely to build public support if such measures both induce positive behavior and have a clear, equitable, and risk-averse public benefit. or improve local service delivery, though the opposite can also be true. %PDF-1.4 % Predicting Municipal Fiscal Distress: Aspiration or Reality? Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. %PDF-1.5 The potential effect on electricity prices is discussed in the Additional Comments section below. What are defined contribution retirement plans? /Parent 2 0 R /Tabs /S /Type /Page Candice Ferrette and Robert Brodsky, Red-light camera revenues jump in Nassau County, Newsday, June 10, 2018, newsday.com. /Contents 62 0 R What would be the effect of a national retail sales tax on economic growth? /Group << /Meta51 48 0 R /Font << /Meta63 59 0 R endobj Norton Francis and Frank Sammartino (2015). They provided 22 percent of state and local general revenues in 1977, dropped to a low of 16 percent in 1989, and returned to 22 percent in 2003. Revenue generation in Nigeria local governments is principally derived from tax. /Resources << Since 1977, property taxes as a share of combined state and local general revenues have declined while charges have increased. simply because of poor finances arising from ade8uate revenue generation drive. What are the tax benefits of homeownership? Local revenue mobilization will be enhanced if local goverments and local The State's own budgetary issues have put a major strain on local government budgets across Illinois. Why is the VAT administratively superior to a retail sales tax? It is very important especially for developing countries because in developing . Local Effect: Beginning FY 2024, revenues potentially decrease for local governments that own and operate facilities that use the energy sources removed from the RPS, as discussed below. /GS31 30 0 R Fix the home. >> <>stream 1 0 obj endobj Why do low-income families use tax preparers? Fatile, J., Majekodunmi, A., Oni, A., & Adejuwon, D. (2013).