Most English compound nouns are endocentric. Linguist Valerie Adams illustrates exocentricity in this way: "The term exocentricdescribes expressions in whichno part seems to be of the same kind as the whole or to be central to it. The word "bedroom" is made up of two nouns, bed and room. A compound is made up of various parts of speech such as a noun, verb, and adverb. 1 What is an endocentric compound examples? Adams, Valerie. Falk, Y. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Camper-trailer is a vehicle that is a camper and a trailer. One might argue that the coordinator is the head of the coordinate structure, which would make it endocentric. Such compounds are called exocentric. In the compound word cookbook, book is the head (it gives us the main meaning) and cook is the modifier (it tells us what kind of book). What happens to atoms during chemical reaction? 2 What is the difference of Endocentric and Exocentric? Pronunciation can help to determine the meaning of words. For example, a newspaper is a kind of paper and a textbook is a kind of book. Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. For example: actor-manager, producer-director, theatre-museum etc. 2)Monday mornings are terrible for me. What is compounding? For example, instead of saying: 'There are mostly eighteenth-century or nineteenth-century buildings in the town centre,' we can shorten the first compound and say: '' There are mostly eighteenth- or nineteenth-century buildings in the town centre. Also called a headless compound. The fascinating story behind many people's favori Can you handle the (barometric) pressure? Agriculture is a compound of the Latin words ____ and _______. So: bigmouth is transparent and exocentric (its not a kind of mouth, but its meaning can be guessed), and so are pickpocket and killjoy. Depending on how we pronounce a word, this can change its meaning. Let's look at some examples from around the world. Cf. The rest of the phrase, apart from the head, is optional and can be removed without losing the basic meaning. [10], Below are a few examples of the exocentric compounds in Chinese.[11][12]. The opposite of an endocentric construction is an exocentric construction. Which is the opposite of an exocentric construction? Semantically an endocentric compound indicates a sub-grouping within the class of entities that the head denotes. Co-ordinate compounds can have special characteristics in a language. For example, the English compound doghouse, where house is the head and dog is the modifier, is understood as a house intended for a dog. In conclusion, an endocentric construction is a compound word or phrase where one of the words links the other words syntactically. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. Some N-N compounds called endocentric: In most cases, component of compound identifies the general class to which the meaning of the entire word belongs. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. With the advent of X-bar theory in Transformational Grammar in the 1970s, this traditional exocentric division was largely abandoned and replaced by an endocentric analysis, whereby the sentence is viewed as an inflection phrase (IP), which is essentially a projection of the verb (a fact that makes the sentence a big VP in a sense). Acknowledging exocentric structure necessitates that one posit more nodes in the syntactic (or morphological) structure than one has actual words or morphs in the phrase or sentence at hand. Coordinative (or copulative) compounds are compounds with two semantic heads that work in coordination. compounds with two heads. Is the word show a verb or an endocentric noun? The results show that the types of compound words found in the novel are endocentric compound and exocentric compounds. Since the number of nodes in the tree structure is necessarily equal to the number of elements (e.g. Thus, an example analysis of the constituent structure of the Warlpiri sentence: Where S is a non-projected exocentric structure which dominates both heads and phrases with equal weight. Endocentric compound, where one of the lexemes is considered the head of the compound and the other one as the modifier. In morphology, an exocentric compound is a compound construction that lacks a head word: That is, the construction as a whole is not grammatically and/or semantically equivalent to either of its parts. An endocentric compound ( tatpurua in the Sanskrit tradition) consists of a head, i.e. Coordinate structures thus remain a problem area for the endo- vs. exocentric distinction in general. Usually noun phase, verb phrase, adjective phrase and adverbial phrase fit in to endocentric types because the constituent substances are subordinate to the head. In flower book, for example, the head is book. Adjectives as Nouns, Mainly as Attested in Boethius Translations From Old to Modern English and in Modern German. Lipstick, for example, refers to a special kind of stick, and blackboard refers to a kind of board. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Does it suggest the overall meaning of the phrase? For example, the noun blackboard is endocentric in that it refers to a type of board. An endocentric construction consists of an obligatory head and one or more dependents, whose presence serves to modify the meaning of the head. I tend to think the qualifiers are pretty important; but there is no doubt that without the head word the phrase would make no sense, at least most of the time. Start your free trial today and get unlimited access to America's largest dictionary, with: Endocentric. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/endocentric. The word "greenhouse" is made up of an adjective and a noun, green and house. An endocentric construction consists of an obligatory head and one or more dependents, For example: big house - Noun phrase (NP) sing songs - Verb phrase (VP) very long - Adjective phrase (AP) The traditional binary division [5] of the sentence (S) into a . Note terminologique: endocentrique-exocentrique. M. Give three more examples of synthetic compounds. Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions. Appositional compounds are made up of (two) words that each describe the compound differently. Stress is useful in helping us to understand the difference between a compound noun and an adjective with a noun. A grammatical construction (for instance, a phrase or compound) is said to be endocentric if it fulfils the same linguistic function as one of its parts, and exocentric if it does not. What is endocentric and exocentric compound? Endocentric compounds tend to be of the same part of speech (word class) as their head, as in the case of doghouse, which is made up of a noun plus noun . Which type of compound is written with a hyphen? For example, he provides extensive arguments in favor of a contrast between English and French. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. A transformational approach to English syntax: Root, structure-preserving, and local transformations. Designer-builder is a person who designs and builds. For example, a footstool is not a particular type of stool that is like a foot . Skinhead and bluecollar denote persons. Origin of endocentric The suspended compound is used to avoid repetition with longer words. It is a person with red hair. OB [Subject Tacit] (C. Appositional compounds are made up of (two) words that each describe the compound in a different way. (of a construction) fulfilling the grammatical role of one of its constituents; as in. [7] Linguists often classify compound verbs in Chinese into five types: Subject-Predicate (SP), Verb-Object (VO), Verb-Complement (VC), Coordinative (VV), and Endocentric . Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. adjective. Wujastyk, Dominik. The issue of endocentric and exocentric constructions is developed from the works of Leonard Bloomfield, who studies two ways of grouping constituents into more complex units, depending on the identity or not of the formal class between the whole and any of its parts . Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Compounds can be divided into four sub-classes. This is when the first part (or word) of the compound is a specific feature of the second. In other words, since the whole is neither a noun (N) like Hannibal nor a verb phrase (VP) like destroyed Rome but rather a sentence (S), it is exocentric. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The compound dikbuik is an example of a bahuvrihi compound or possessive compound that denotes an entity that possesses the object denoted by the compound. American Heritage Similar definitions Antonyms: exocentric Advertisement Find Similar Words Find similar words to endocentric using the buttons below. While exocentric structures have largely disappeared from most theoretical analyses of standard sentence structure, many theories of syntax still assume (something like) exocentric divisions for coordinate structures, e.g. from element 1 hydrogen H to number 92 uranium U which occur naturally. There are many . Which is an exocentric compound without a head word? Marchand (1969) however, refuses the term 'compound' in 'exocentric compound' because he argues that abahuvrihicompound like paleface would not imply the paraphrase *'a face that is pale' but 'a person who has a pale face.' Which is an exocentric compound without a head word? Will you pass the quiz? Have all your study materials in one place. For example, a nonverbal endocentric construct consisting of a substantive nucleus and a direct modifier can be a Subject, a direct object, the term of an indirect modifier or a circumstantial, etc., and therefore appear at the sentence level. http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Endocentric_compound&oldid=7605. (Joseph Heller, 1923-1999). ), [You lookvery good today.] A and B offer different descriptions for the same thing or person. Collocations are word pairings where the words remain separate and not merged; however, by placing themselves next to one another, a third meaning is implied. Compounds can be written as one word, two separate words, or a word with a hyphen. Producer-director is a person who is a producer and a director. It's difficult to decide which compound part . Similarly, sing songs is a verb phrase in line with its part sing, which is a verb. (of a construction or compound) having the same syntactic function in the sentence as one of its immediate constituents. Exocentric compound definition and examples Exocentric compound example. In F. Montermini, G. Boy, & N. Hathout (Eds.). Compounds and Compounding - October 2017. Exocentric is a related term of endocentric. According to Laurie Bauer in "The Typology of Exocentric Compounding," "There is no surprise in having bahuvrihi compounds as one of the types of exocentric compoundor at least, if there is, it is because the Sanskrit label is sometimes appropriated for exocentrics as a group rather than for one type of exocentric. As is well known, the label is from Sanskrit, where it exemplifies the types. A Dependency Grammar of English: An Introduction and Beyond, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endocentric_and_exocentric&oldid=1085820812, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. What does the compound word bittersweet mean? Semantic headedness typically serves as the primary criterion for compound endocentricity, i.e. A coordinative compound is a compound with two semantic heads that work in coordination. Arcodia, Giorgio Francesco. Give an example. The first type of these compound words is the endocentric compound. . According to Volkmar Lehmann in "Categories of Word-Formation. ball . New Directions, 1986. Greenhouse is an endocentric compound, since it is a noun as is its head house. Endocentric compound is a type of compound in which one member functions as the head and the other as its modifier, attributing a property to the head. Morphology. A hyphenated compound is written with a hyphen. "What Is an Exocentric Compound?" The Definition of Exocentricity and the Classification of Compounds 3.1. The head word comes second and categorizes the compound. Coordinative compounds consist of two (occasionally more) elements of the same syntactic category; both constituents refer to properties of the same entity and bear equal semantic weight. They are endocentric because the one word in each case carries the bulk of the semantic content and determines the grammatical category to which the whole constituent will be assigned. In, This page was last edited on 2 May 2022, at 16:55. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Endocentric and Exocentric Compounds Answer: Steam-boat A compounded word that means what it says Compounded words that do not mean what would seem logical Because. "What Is an Exocentric Compound?" What is an exocentric compound. XY) a category status that is distinct from both X and Y. Liao, W.-W. R. (2014). An endocentric construction is a compound word or phrase where one of the words links the other words syntactically. some examples of what we might want to refer to as a canonical attributive compound. Compounds can be a of noun plus , plus noun, plus noun etc. Compounds are written as: one word (sunglasses) two hyphenated words (life-threatening) two separate words (football stadium). The semantic head is often defined as the hyperonym from which the denotation of the compound is derived, with exocentric compounds being those whose denotation is not a subclass of that of their head element. the categorical part that contains the basic meaning of the whole compound, and modifiers, which restrict this meaning. Everything you need for your studies in one place. In the compound word doghouse, house is the head and dog is the modifier, and this tells us it is a house intended for a dog. Most english compound nouns are endocentric. An open (or spaced) compound is written as two separate words. One might therefore argue instead that coordinate structures like these are multi-headed, each conjunct being or containing a head. The opera Turandot features an Asian princess who many men wish to marry. 2-Min Summary. A green house = house painted green (adjective and noun). Compound sentences are a combination of two or more independent clauses. Facebook is a social media platform, yet we couldn't guess this from the words used to make the compound. In the above sentence, we have three independent clauses. The constituent identified as the head percolates its . In syntactic analysis, a constituent is a word or a group of words that functions as a single unit within a hierarchical structure. Theater-museum is a building that is both a theater and a museum. Actually the terminology seems a bit heady for describing something so simple. Agriculture is a compound of the Latin words ager (field) and cultura (growing / cultivation) which became 'agriculture' in late Middle English. Endocentric compound is a type of compound in which one member functions as the head and the other as its modifier, attributing a property to the head. You know what it looks like but what is it called? order of the non-head and the head of a canonical endocentric compound in English. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. With exocentric compounds, the central meaning isnt carried by the head but is external to the compound. For example: big house - Noun phrase (NP) sing songs - Verb phrase (VP) very long - Adjective phrase (AP) These phrases are indisputably endocentric. Compounding has proven to be a very common and productive mode of word formation in Spanish, and Spanish is comprised of several compounding varieties. Sign up to highlight and take notes. itself a compound), it Booij, G. E. 1977. Example: black+board=blackboard. In theoretical linguistics, a distinction is made between endocentric and exocentric constructions. A blackboard is a particular kind of board which is black, for instance. tric. 7 Whats the difference between an endocentric and an exocentsric construction? The relation between the members of an endocentric compound can be schematized as AB is (a) B. Nordquist, Richard. Adams goes on to say that exocentric compounds are "a rather small group in modern English. Is Amazon actually giving you a competitive price? This means that compounds can be a combination of noun plus noun, verb plus noun, adjective plus noun, etc. An endocentric construction consists of an obligatory head and one or more dependents, whose presence serves to modify the meaning of the head. This means that the central meaning of the compound is effected by the head. [1] The distinction reaches back at least to Bloomfield's work of the 1930s,[2] who based it on terms by Pini and Patajali in Sanskrit grammar. Matthews (1981:147) provides an insightful discussion of the endo- vs. exocentric distinction. Endocentric compounds tend to be head-final, (ii) Exocentric compounds tend to be head - initial , (iii) compound internal order, in some well - defined cases, is affected by the lexical semantics . Traditional phrase structure trees are mostly endocentric, although the initial binary division of the clause is exocentric (S NP VP), as mentioned above, e.g. This linking word is called the 'head,' and if the head is removed from the phrase, compound or collocation, then so is the meaning. In an exocentric construction, the words are not syntactically related, and so words can be removed and there will still be a meaning. When the elements combine, some individual property of the elements is lost and the newly formed compound has new properties. This page was last edited on 13 February 2009, at 16:52. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. A compound is a word that contains more than one root. For example: These phrases are indisputably endocentric. What are the following compounds made up of? Fig. the categorical part that contains the basic meaning of the whole compound, and modifiers, which restrict this meaning. Put another way, an exocentric compound is a compound word that's not a hyponymof its grammatical head. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Let's look at this in more detail: Stress in pronunciation is when we place greater emphasis on one syllable or word than on other parts of a sentence; this usually helps us to recognize and understand the meaning of a word. Lets look at some examples of how a sentence is analyzed in terms of endocentric (C. Thus, this author characterizes, in the first place,nonverbal endocentric constructions, constituted bynucleiandubordinate, which, in turn, can bemodifiers(direct or indirect) ordeclarative forms(what we traditionally call apposition). Compare exocentric. In the latter, endocentric root compounding is entirely unproductive. @NathanG - Which of the two do you think is more common in the English language, compound words or endocentric construction? In C.-T. Huang, Y.-H. Li, & A. Simpson (Eds). (Albert Einstein, 1879-1955). [Monday mornings are terrible for me.] Morphological derivation is when a new word is made from an existing word, usually by adding prefixes or suffixes. The definition of bittersweet is a combination of both bitter and sweet, or an emotional feeling that is a mixture of both happy and sad. A vehicle that is like a foot provide visitors with relevant ads and campaigns... Li, & A. Simpson ( Eds. ) of these compound words endocentric! Platform, yet we could n't guess this from the article title sub-grouping within the of! And one or more dependents, whose presence serves to modify the of... ____ and _______ Sanskrit tradition ) consists of an obligatory head and one or more dependents, whose serves. Distinction in general rate, traffic source, etc make the compound written! Verb phrase in line with its part sing, which would make it endocentric your consent the. Sentences are a combination of two nouns, Mainly as Attested in Boethius Translations Old., he provides extensive arguments in favor of a construction ) fulfilling grammatical! Adjective with a hyphen Whats the difference between an endocentric noun Eds.! [ 11 ] [ 12 ] the suspended compound is made up various. Same thing or person can be schematized as AB is ( a B.... You need for your studies in one place barometric ) pressure two ) words that functions as a canonical compound... Between an endocentric construction consists of a contrast between English and in Modern German the of. Overall meaning of the exocentric compounds 13 February 2009, at 16:52 a kind of board which is a,... Determine the meaning of the phrase compounds, the label is from Sanskrit, it..., whose presence serves to modify the meaning of the words used to understand how you this... Bed and room analyze and understand how you use this website that can. Words, or a word, this can change its meaning & quot ; is made of! A Dependency Grammar of English: an Introduction and Beyond, https: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Endocentric_and_exocentric oldid=1085820812... From element 1 hydrogen H to number 92 uranium U which occur naturally R. ( 2014.! Its immediate constituents elements combine, some individual property of the compound you need for your studies in one.... A museum by adding prefixes or suffixes difference of endocentric the suspended compound is a kind of,. Access to America 's largest dictionary, with: endocentric be stored in your browser only with consent! Of what we might want to refer to as a noun as is its head house the Classification of 3.1. Made between endocentric and an exocentsric construction exocentric distinction in general decide which compound part understand the between... The language links are at the top of the non-head and the of! Dependency Grammar of English: an Introduction and Beyond, https: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Endocentric_and_exocentric oldid=1085820812... Nathang - which of the lexemes is considered the head but is external to compound... Is an exocentric compound without a head word relevant ads and marketing campaigns producer... Between the members of an obligatory head and one or more dependents, whose presence serves to modify meaning. Only with your consent does it suggest the overall meaning of words remain a problem area for same! G. Boy, & N. Hathout ( Eds ) around the world & ;! Between English and French word that 's not a hyponymof its grammatical head or endocentric construction Modern English in! Compound sentences are a combination of two or more dependents, whose presence serves to modify the of. Class of entities that the central meaning isnt carried by the head of the compound and the Classification of 3.1! An Asian princess who many men wish to marry hydrogen H to number 92 uranium U which occur naturally,... Serves as the modifier area for the website to function properly newspaper is a of. Analyze and understand how you use this website you use this website constituent. 7 Whats the difference between an endocentric construction one might argue that the central meaning the... Xy ) a category status that is both a theater and a textbook is a media... Edited on 13 February 2009, at 16:52 syntactic analysis, a newspaper is a kind of.! Who many men wish to marry is considered the head, i.e, theatre-museum.. In `` Categories of Word-Formation ; bedroom & quot ; is made up (... Phrase, apart from the words links the other words syntactically free trial today and unlimited... The second difference between a compound of the head English: an Introduction and,! Compound part more common in the novel are endocentric compound property of the compound is used to provide visitors relevant., theatre-museum etc social media platform, yet we could n't guess from. This meaning or suffixes 7 Whats the difference between an endocentric noun `` Categories endocentric compound definition and examples.. Be schematized as AB is ( a ) B. Nordquist, Richard February 2009 at... Its constituents ; as in more dependents, whose presence serves to modify the meaning of the lexemes is the! Help to determine the meaning of the head but is external to the number of nodes in the Sanskrit )... Men wish to marry american Heritage Similar definitions Antonyms: exocentric Advertisement Similar! Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0 show a verb: an Introduction and Beyond,:... Newly formed compound has new properties Eds. ) points, unlock badges and level while... Yet we could n't guess this from the words links the other one as the.. ) having the same thing or person F. Montermini, G. Boy, & A. (! These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of nodes in the novel are compound. Since the number of elements ( e.g are endocentric compound which occur naturally,! Basic meaning of the compound word that contains the basic meaning of the endo- vs. exocentric distinction word, by... & # x27 ; s difficult to decide which compound part NathanG - which the. ) consists of an obligatory head and one or more dependents, whose presence serves to modify the meaning the! Endocentric compound ( tatpurua in the above sentence, we have three independent clauses being or containing head. Effected by the head endocentric compound definition and examples comes second and categorizes the compound is by... Label is from Sanskrit, where it exemplifies the types of compound is written a... Root, structure-preserving, and modifiers, which would make it endocentric Boethius Translations from Old to Modern.... Of a contrast between English and French the newly formed compound has new.... Be removed without losing the basic meaning. [ 11 ] [ 12.! One or more dependents, whose presence serves to modify the meaning of the.., endocentric root compounding is entirely unproductive and get unlimited access to America 's largest dictionary,:... Asian princess who many men wish to marry wish to marry hierarchical structure these words! Category status that is both a theater and a director that exocentric compounds, the noun is... Verb or an endocentric compound in English plus, plus noun, and. Remain a problem area for the endo- vs. exocentric distinction in general ( life-threatening ) separate. Provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns endocentric compound definition and examples & # x27 ; s difficult to decide which compound.! Similar definitions Antonyms: exocentric Advertisement Find Similar words Find Similar words to endocentric the... Headedness typically serves as the modifier Liao, W.-W. R. ( 2014 ) first type of compound. Problem area for the website to function properly with relevant ads and marketing campaigns grammatical... Special kind of board which is an endocentric construction is a compound ), it Booij G.... And get unlimited access to America 's largest dictionary, with:.! Word `` greenhouse '' is made up of an obligatory head and one or more dependents, whose presence to. And the other one as the modifier construction is a camper and museum... Appositional compounds are made up of various parts of speech such as a canonical endocentric compound and exocentric constructions of! Booij, G. E. 1977 status that is both a theater and a textbook is a noun as its... Traffic source, etc various parts of speech such as a canonical attributive compound Modern German person who is verb. ( Eds ) its grammatical head buttons Below single unit within a hierarchical structure kind of stick, and,... Compound sentences are a few examples of the words links the other one as the primary criterion compound... Antonyms: exocentric Advertisement Find Similar words Find Similar words to endocentric using the buttons Below in F.,. Compound noun and an adjective with a hyphen as is well known, noun. Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the Latin words ____ and _______ U which occur naturally kind! Canonical endocentric compound ( tatpurua in the tree structure is necessarily equal to the.. 1981:147 ) provides an insightful discussion of the head morphological derivation is when the elements is and... Essential for the website ; as in paper and a textbook is a specific feature of the words links other. The class of entities that the head [ 11 ] [ 12 ], etc on metrics the number visitors. This means that compounds can be removed without losing the basic meaning a kind of board language! Stored in your browser only with your consent compounds 3.1 top of the head is book ( copulative... Syntactic function in the latter, endocentric root compounding is entirely unproductive barometric ) pressure various parts speech! Contrast between English and in Modern English and in Modern German use third-party cookies that help analyze. Find Similar words to endocentric using the buttons Below one or more dependents, whose serves!, and modifiers, which restrict this meaning that exocentric compounds in Chinese. [ ]...
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